| Foreword |
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5 |
| Sound |
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6 |
| Compression waves |
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6 |
| Shear waves |
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9 |
| Lobes, Cones, and Other Myths |
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10 |
| Compression and Shear Waves Travel Together |
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12 |
Quick Calculations of the wavelength  |
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15 |
| Amplitude and Decibels |
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16 |
The Screen Display
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17 |
| The Ultrasonic Flaw Detector |
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18 |
| The Straight Beam Probe |
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22 |
| The Dead Zone |
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23 |
| Near zone / Far zone |
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27 |
| Measuring the initial pulse I.P. |
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32 |
| Thickness Measurements |
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34 |
| Checking the probe prior to measuring |
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35 |
| Measuring with a 0° probe |
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36 |
| Calibrating for different alloy |
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37 |
| Know your probes |
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38 |
| Using the IIW V1 block |
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41 |
| Calibrating to shear wave |
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42 |
| Scanning with a 0° probe |
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44 |
| Sizing holes in machined parts |
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45 |
| Grid Scan |
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47 |
| Scanning for Internal pits |
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49 |
| Scanning for pits on a curved surface (vessels and piping) |
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50 |
| Scanning for volumetric integrity |
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51 |
| Shear wave scan |
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52 |
| Distance-Amplitude Correction (DAC) Curve |
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54 |
| How to construct a DAC curve |
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55 |
| How to use the DAC Curve |
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56 |
| Making the transfer loss DAC |
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56 |
| Setting sensitivity |
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57 |
| Plotting system |
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58 |
| Locating the reflector with simple math |
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59 |
| Finding the Position in front of the probe |
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60 |
| Finding Depth as a percentage |
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62 |
| Sizing for length with Max Amp |
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67 |
| Sizing for length with 6db drop |
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69 |
| Size for length with 20dB drop |
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71 |
| Total drop |
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72 |
| Combination of all sizing techniques |
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73 |
| Combining all of the above methods |
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75 |
| Finding the true angle |
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76 |
| Maximum Amplitude Technique |
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77 |
| Common Weld Flaws |
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81 |
| 6dB drop |
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84 |
| Probe manipulation |
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90 |
| Echo interpretation |
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91 |
| Cracks |
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92 |
| Lack of Side Wall Fusion and/or Lack of Root Fusion |
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93 |
| Lack of Root Fusion |
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94 |
| Lack of Interpass Fusion |
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95 |
| Slag Inclusion |
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96 |
| Isolated Gas Pore |
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98 |
| Porosy Cluster |
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99 |
| Concave Root ("Suck Up") |
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100 |
| Bad Pick-Up ("Stop-Start") |
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101 |
| Misalignment (High/Low) and/or Mismatch |
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102 |
| Flanges |
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103 |
| T K Y Joints |
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104 |
| End-scans of Welds |
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104 |
| Nozzle To Shell Welds and Node Plates |
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105 |
| Sizing "invisible" flaws |
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107 |
| Nozzle Testing |
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110 |
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